Fundamentals - Task 2

The Effects of Massage on the Autonomic Nervous System

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is sub-divided into the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) and the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Most of the organs within the body are controlled by these divisions which work together, yet antagonistically, to regulate body function and responses. “What one division stimulates, the other inhibits” (Marieb, 1998, p. 364).

The role of the PNS (the ‘resting and digesting’ department) maintains a neutral, homeostatic level of bodily functions such as digestion and respiration, generally conserving the body’s energy.

In contrast, the SNS becomes stimulated and responds to a real or perceived threat. When this division is aroused, primal ‘fight or flight’ instincts are initiated. Heart rate increases, production of saliva is halted, digestion is suppressed and blood is directed to areas of higher importance, such as limb muscles, which are prepared to protect the body.

Evolution has taught us be cautious. A persons’ first experience with massage may initially stimulate the SNS. Allowing a stranger into your personal space involves a level of trust which may raise anxieties triggered by previously negative experiences or even the fear of the unknown.

According to Beck (2006), massage can affect the ANS in different ways depending on the type of massage performed. A massage that is invigorating or does not meet the clients expectations, may stimulate the SNS. In contrast, a relaxing massage that meets or exceeds the client’s expectations appears to suppress the SNS, providing pleasant results such as slower heart rate, lower blood pressure and increased relaxation.

The Effects of Massage Strokes

Swedish/relaxation massage provides a range of techniques that are used to achieve differing effects.

Touch (holding) is often used at the commencement and conclusion of a massage. It has a range of subjective and reflexive effects. Touch is a great way of “giving [the client] the opportunity to become accustomed to you without distracting conversation” (Salvo, 2007, p. 143). This provides time for the client’s body to switch into ‘massage mode’, arousing the PNS, reducing heart rate and respiration.

The first moving stroke is Effleurage. Salvo (2007), states that “this action promotes venous blood flow” (p. 146) and “warms the body tissues making them more extensible”, (p. 148). This gliding stroke also prepares an area for deeper, more specific work, as well as moving wastes from an area and soothing tissues.

In comparison, Petrissage (kneading) is used for working deeper into the tissues and fascia. Salvo, (2007) indicates, that this has many effects including increasing blood flow, relaxing and lengthening muscles, softening superficial fascia and stimulating the release of pain relieving chemicals such as endorphins.

According to Beck (2006), “compression is another form of friction” (p. 397). He also claims that where kneading can involve lifting and squeezing the tissue away from skeletal structures, friction pushes one layer of tissue against another in order to flatten or stretch the tissue. Friction increases heat, which can increase the body’s metabolic rate, and making muscle connective tissue more pliable therefore function more efficiently.

Tapotement can have a “pleasurable, stimulating effect” (Salvo, 2007, p 163). It is a percussion style technique which stimulates nerve endings, increases blood flow and generally stimulates the client. This can be beneficial if your client needs to be more alert at the completion of the massage, compared to the ‘spacey’ feeling many experience after massage without tapotement.

Vibration:

The effects of vibratory movements depend on the rate of vibration, the
intensity of pressure and the duration of the treatment. This form of
massage is for soothing and bringing about relaxation and release of tension
when applied lightly. It is stimulating when applied with pressure. A
numbing effect is experienced when vibrations are applied for a prolonged period
of time. (Beck, 2006, p. 397).

Miscellaneous Effects of Massage

Many effects can be recorded scientifically by measuring the change in levels of hormones, blood flow, etc in the body.

Blood flow and Lymph flow: Beck (2006), states that “Clinical massage affects the quality and quantity of blood coursing through the circulatory system” (p. 299). He also states that that “both the lymphatic and venous circulation are accelerated by massage movements” (p. 717).

Muscle Tension: According to Salvo (2007) massage relieves muscular tension by increasing the blood flow in and around the muscle, and relaxes muscles by suppressing the sympathetic nervous system.

Connective Tissue: Massage softens fascia surrounding muscles, “allowing them to be stretched to their fullest resting length thereby increasing joint range of motion and freeing the body of restricted movements” (Salvo, 2007, p. 92). It may also promote healing of bone fractures and reduce formation of scar tissue and adhesions (Salvo, 2007).

Sleep patterns: Fritz (2009) indicates that massage can promote a deeper, more restful sleep. It increases release of serotonins, and other mood regulating neurochemicals. A parasympathetic dominance of the ANS promotes ideal internal sleep conditions.

Digestion: Stimulation of PNS during massage returns digestion to a balanced state. This also increases peristaltic activity in the colon, aiding elimination of wastes, potentially relieving constipation and other digestive disorders (Salvo, 2007).

“Blood pressure is decreased by blood vessel dilation” (Salvo, 2007, p. 89). Massage can increase blood flow by causing dilation of blood vessels.

Pain:

… massage provides pleasurable stimulation that is carried to the brain on
thicker, faster, more numerous fibres that actually override or drown out the
pain signals. Even though the diversion is temporary, it gives the
individual a chance to relax and disassociate with the noxious stimulus possibly
long enough to shut down the fight or flight reaction (Beck, 2006, p. 63).

“… massage also reduces the sensation of pain by increasing the concentration of endorphins… and other pain reducing neurochemicals in the central nervous system and blood stream” (Beck, 2006, p. 299).

Some effects of massage strokes are subjective (feelings and emotions). These vary based on individual experiences and personal bias. I believe the following areas affected by massage are subjective, and are therefore hard to measure as an absolute truth. However, some chemical changes in the body (such as increased serotonin levels) can support claims of psychological effects that are widely reported and warrant credit and value.

Mood: Massage can reduce muscle tension, stress, depression, fatigue and improve self esteem and body image. This may result in improved mood and general feeling of well-being.

Concentration: Tests results show that massage can improve, alertness and mental performance. “Increased speed and accuracy on maths calculations after 15 minute chair massage” (Class notes Elluminate 26/03/09 – Field, Ironson, et al, 1996)

Satiety: Feelings of contentment and satisfaction may be enhanced by massage. It can meet our psychological and physical need for attention, acceptance and nurturing touch. Increased levels of dopamine and serotonin released during massage lead to an improved mood and increased satiety. (Class notes from Elluminate 26/03/09)

Bonding: According to studies, oxytocin is connected to the ability to bond and form healthy relationships with other people. Tests showed levels of oxytocin may increase while receiving Swedish massage. (Oxytocin.org, 1999).


References:

Beck, M.(2006). Theory and practice of therapeutic massage (4th ed.) New York, Thompson Delmar Learning

Class notes

Hormone involved in reproduction may have role in the maintenance of relationships, (1999, July 14).. Retrieved April 01, 2009, from http://www.oxytocin.org/oxytoc/index.html

Marieb, E (1998). Human anatomy and physiology (4th ed.) Menlo Park, California. Benjamin/Cummings Science Publishing

Salvo, S (2007). Massage therapy principles and practice (3rd ed), St Louis. Missouri, Saunders, Elsevier